{"id":10680,"date":"2023-04-13T13:31:36","date_gmt":"2023-04-13T18:31:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/?page_id=10680"},"modified":"2023-04-19T00:47:44","modified_gmt":"2023-04-19T05:47:44","slug":"proteinasmembranas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/index.php\/proteinasmembranas\/","title":{"rendered":"Proteinas de Membranas"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"10680\" class=\"elementor elementor-10680\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6b43d9a elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-top elementor-section-content-top elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6b43d9a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e361d8d\" data-id=\"e361d8d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-989ca62 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-sidebar\" data-id=\"989ca62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scale_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:0.9,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scale_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scale_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"sidebar.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"product_search-1\" class=\"filter-widget product_search search widget_search\">    <form role=\"search\" class=\"blue-box ic-design\" method=\"get\"\r\n          id=\"product_search_form\" action=\"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/\">\r\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"post_type\" value=\"al_product\" \/>        <div class=\"ic-search-container\">\r\n\t\t\t            <input class=\"product-search-box\" type=\"search\" value=\"\" name=\"s\"\r\n                   placeholder=\"B\u00fasqueda de productos\"\/>\r\n            <input class=\"product-search-submit\" type=\"submit\" id=\"searchsubmit\"\r\n                   value=\"\"\/>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/form>\r\n\t<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-be52a03 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"be52a03\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1c2896\" data-id=\"a1c2896\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-962a571 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"962a571\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.7.8 - 02-10-2022 *\/\n.elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--spacer-size)}.e-container{--container-widget-width:100%}.e-container>.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(--container-widget-width,var(--spacer-size));-ms-flex-item-align:stretch;align-self:stretch;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0}.e-container>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-container>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-container>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--container-widget-height,var(--spacer-size))}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1532cdb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1532cdb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e822d4c\" data-id=\"e822d4c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d690c05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d690c05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.7.8 - 02-10-2022 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prote\u00ednas de membrana: Guardianes indispensables<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74edee3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74edee3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-50fd3bd\" data-id=\"50fd3bd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24fe247 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"24fe247\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1b45123 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1b45123\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b733e9\" data-id=\"8b733e9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-0817eac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0817eac\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1b97a9\" data-id=\"a1b97a9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbd6cd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bbd6cd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.7.8 - 02-10-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Membrane-protein-q4ys7czize6vh91mwhjsz7khz76r4xzu1qa46dedc0.jpg\" title=\"Membrane-protein\" alt=\"Membrane-protein\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-46fbe44\" data-id=\"46fbe44\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8eb73b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8eb73b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.7.8 - 02-10-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#818a91;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#818a91;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p>Las prote\u00ednas de membrana son prote\u00ednas asociadas o unidas a la membrana celular de los compartimentos celulares o de los org\u00e1nulos de una c\u00e9lula. Representan una de las clases de prote\u00ednas m\u00e1s grandes e importantes y pueden clasificarse como perif\u00e9ricas o integrales.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1c30d84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1c30d84\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5d078b6\" data-id=\"5d078b6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebbaa62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ebbaa62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cccf7cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cccf7cc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a758faf\" data-id=\"a758faf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca5311f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ca5311f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El <strong>Proteoma<\/strong> de Membrana<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3bd02a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3bd02a2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3b382e\" data-id=\"e3b382e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a034f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a034f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En las \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas, el n\u00famero de genes codificadores de prote\u00ednas humanas conocidos siempre ha variado ligeramente, pero en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os el n\u00famero absoluto gira en torno a los 20 000 genes (Piovesan, Antonaros y Vitale et al. 2019; Salzberg, 2018). Alrededor de un tercio de esas prote\u00ednas son prote\u00ednas secretadas o unidas a la membrana (consulte la Figura 1). Aunque se trata de una parte significativa de todo el proteoma, solo se conocen estructuralmente algunos de ellos. Dado que aproximadamente la mitad de todos los tratamientos aprobados se dirigen a las prote\u00ednas de membrana (consulte la Figura 2), la resoluci\u00f3n de la estructura de estas prote\u00ednas de membrana terap\u00e9uticamente relevantes es muy favorable para el futuro dise\u00f1o de f\u00e1rmacos (Baker, 2010).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b09bcb6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b09bcb6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1e2ab31\" data-id=\"1e2ab31\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d443dc6 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d443dc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scale_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:0.9,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scale_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scale_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"720\" height=\"288\" src=\"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/proteome.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/proteome.jpg 720w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/proteome-300x120.jpg 300w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/proteome-600x240.jpg 600w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/proteome-280x112.jpg 280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 1 (izquierda): Genes codificadores de prote\u00ednas humanas conocidas. Fig. 2 (derecha): Objetivos de las terapias aprobadas<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dc144e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dc144e1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a46bf0a\" data-id=\"a46bf0a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0896c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"e0896c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-05dea9b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"05dea9b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8cd55bd\" data-id=\"8cd55bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-706b62a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"706b62a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2fe3355\" data-id=\"2fe3355\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5ba6ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5ba6ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00bfQu\u00e9 es una prote\u00edna de membrana?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7f5a6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7f5a6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El proteoma de membrana y el secretoma se cuentan como una de las clases de prote\u00ednas m\u00e1s grandes e importantes. Las prote\u00ednas de membrana se definen como prote\u00ednas asociadas o unidas a la membrana de una c\u00e9lula oa un org\u00e1nulo dentro de la c\u00e9lula. Se dividen en prote\u00ednas perif\u00e9ricas e integrales. Las prote\u00ednas de la membrana perif\u00e9rica se asocian temporalmente con la bicapa lip\u00eddica, pero no atraviesan completamente la membrana. La uni\u00f3n a la bicapa lip\u00eddica se logra mediante la perforaci\u00f3n de regiones perif\u00e9ricas o mediante el acoplamiento con prote\u00ednas integrales de membrana (consulte la Figura 3, B y C). Estas prote\u00ednas integrales est\u00e1n incrustadas permanentemente, abarcan toda la bicapa lip\u00eddica y contienen estructuras hidrof\u00f3bicas de h\u00e9lice alfa o barril beta que residen dentro de la membrana. Se pueden subdividir en grupos, como receptores o canales, seg\u00fan su funci\u00f3n celular.<\/p><p>Junto con los dominios extracelulares e intracelulares hidrof\u00edlicos, la mayor\u00eda de las prote\u00ednas de membrana muestran un car\u00e1cter anfip\u00e1tico. El car\u00e1cter anfip\u00e1tico produce adem\u00e1s una firma por la que a menudo se pueden identificar las prote\u00ednas integrales de la membrana. Esto se debe a que sus estructuras primarias contienen de 19 a 23 amino\u00e1cidos hidrof\u00f3bicos en sus secuencias lineales, necesarios para abarcar el interior hidrof\u00f3bico de una membrana. Los barriles \u03b2 con residuos hidr\u00f3fobos que apuntan hacia el exterior del barril tambi\u00e9n pueden actuar como un buen indicador de una prote\u00edna de membrana (Yeagle, 2016, The Membranes of Cells).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccaa4b7\" data-id=\"ccaa4b7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-533e7a5 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"533e7a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scale_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:0.9,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scale_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scale_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"521\" height=\"726\" src=\"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/peripheral-integral-protein2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/peripheral-integral-protein2.jpg 521w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/peripheral-integral-protein2-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/peripheral-integral-protein2-431x600.jpg 431w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/peripheral-integral-protein2-115x160.jpg 115w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 521px) 100vw, 521px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 3: Las prote\u00ednas perif\u00e9ricas se unen solo temporalmente (A, B, C), mientras que las prote\u00ednas integrales est\u00e1n incrustadas permanentemente (D, E)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-552e419 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"552e419\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-69a4a42\" data-id=\"69a4a42\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71614c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"71614c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d0e8a59 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d0e8a59\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c23cf1c\" data-id=\"c23cf1c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38db4a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"38db4a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El <strong>papel cr\u00edtico<\/strong> de las prote\u00ednas de membrana<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6794a53 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6794a53\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-828eb79\" data-id=\"828eb79\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fcf41a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2fcf41a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En muchos procesos fisiol\u00f3gicos y patol\u00f3gicos, los reactivos, los factores de transcripci\u00f3n, las prote\u00ednas o los iones necesitan atravesar barreras de membrana. Si tienen \u00e9xito, desencadenan v\u00edas de se\u00f1alizaci\u00f3n, env\u00edan factores de crecimiento y coagulaci\u00f3n o transmiten se\u00f1ales de prote\u00ednas que no pueden cruzar la bicapa lip\u00eddica, como las citoquinas. Por lo tanto, las prote\u00ednas de membrana se ubican en una intersecci\u00f3n muy importante de muchos procesos celulares.<\/p><p>Para ello, las prote\u00ednas de membrana asumen numerosas funciones cr\u00edticas como el transporte de prote\u00ednas e iones a trav\u00e9s de canales especiales o la transducci\u00f3n de se\u00f1ales dentro de muchos organismos. Son responsables de las uniones intercelulares o del reconocimiento c\u00e9lula-c\u00e9lula, lo que permite una comunicaci\u00f3n r\u00e1pida entre c\u00e9lulas y el reconocimiento efectivo de c\u00e9lulas extra\u00f1as, siendo de suma importancia para el sistema inmunitario.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-016c556 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"016c556\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bd4744d\" data-id=\"bd4744d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fc9c97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6fc9c97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7233216 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7233216\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eadf9cd\" data-id=\"eadf9cd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a630a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a630a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Clasificaci\u00f3n<\/strong> y F<strong>unciones<\/strong> de las prote\u00ednas de membrana<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-aeabdce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"aeabdce\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-773fa60\" data-id=\"773fa60\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8eef4fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8eef4fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Clases<\/strong><\/p><p><br \/>Actualmente, la TCDB (Base de datos de clasificaci\u00f3n de transportadores) enumera 92 superfamilias con m\u00e1s de 1600 familias de transportadores en ellas. Debido a la gran cantidad de estos, solo nos gustar\u00eda presentar una peque\u00f1a descripci\u00f3n general de estas clases de transportadores a continuaci\u00f3n:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e757665 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e757665\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c6551\" data-id=\"b2c6551\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11beee0 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"11beee0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scale_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:0.9,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scale_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scale_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"800\" height=\"398\" src=\"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/classes-membraneProteins2-1024x509.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/classes-membraneProteins2-1024x509.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/classes-membraneProteins2-300x149.jpg 300w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/classes-membraneProteins2-768x382.jpg 768w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/classes-membraneProteins2-600x298.jpg 600w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/classes-membraneProteins2-280x139.jpg 280w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/classes-membraneProteins2.jpg 1085w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 4: Selecci\u00f3n de diferentes clases de transportadores: ABC, canal de iones, ATPasas, SLC-Transporter, Aquaporin<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9eacffe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9eacffe\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c3ee711\" data-id=\"c3ee711\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3066682 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3066682\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-80d68a4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"80d68a4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6affd5f\" data-id=\"6affd5f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4f0c95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4f0c95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>1. ABC-Transportador<\/strong><br \/>La superfamilia de transportadores de cassettes de uni\u00f3n a ATP es una de las familias de genes m\u00e1s grandes. En la mayor\u00eda de los casos, consisten en m\u00faltiples subunidades, divididas en dominios transmembrana hidrof\u00f3bicos y ATPasas hidrof\u00edlicas asociadas a la membrana. Al funcionar como bombas moleculares, utilizan la energ\u00eda de la hidr\u00f3lisis de ATP para mover varios solutos a trav\u00e9s de las membranas celulares (Jones y George, 2002).<\/p><p><strong>2. Canales I\u00f3nicos<\/strong><br \/>Las prote\u00ednas formadoras de poros facilitan el flujo de iones a trav\u00e9s de las membranas celulares. Se realiza una subdivisi\u00f3n seg\u00fan los tipos ya sea por clasificaci\u00f3n en mecanismo de activaci\u00f3n, por tipo de ion o por localizaci\u00f3n celular. Un tipo bien conocido del primer grupo son los canales i\u00f3nicos activados por voltaje, como muchos canales de Na+, K+ o Ca2+. Biol\u00f3gicamente, son un componente clave del sistema nervioso. Asimismo, es igualmente importante su implicaci\u00f3n en la contracci\u00f3n muscular o en la activaci\u00f3n de las c\u00e9lulas T.<\/p><p><strong>3. ATPasas unidas a membrana<\/strong><br \/>Como su nombre lo indica, la superfamilia ATPasa utiliza ATP para realizar sus funciones. Se clasifican en ATPasas de tipo F, V y P. Las ATPasas de tipo F y V se clasifican como ATPasas rotativas, mientras que las ATPasas de tipo P impulsan sus cambios conformacionales utilizando la energ\u00eda libre liberada por la hidr\u00f3lisis de ATP (Palmgren y Nissen, 2011; Pizzagalli, Bensimon y Superti-Furga, 2020). Una ATPasa bien conocida es el intercambiador de Na+\/K+, que bombea sodio y potasio en contra de sus gradientes de concentraci\u00f3n para mantener el potencial de la membrana celular.<\/p><p><strong>4. SLC-Transportador<\/strong><br \/>Las prote\u00ednas transportadoras de solutos son una superfamilia de prote\u00ednas transportadoras que transfieren una amplia variedad de solutos a trav\u00e9s de las membranas. Estos incluyen mol\u00e9culas como az\u00facar, amino\u00e1cidos, vitaminas o metales (Hediger et al., 2013). Por tanto, act\u00faan como uno de los principales reguladores de lo que entra o sale de una c\u00e9lula, y de ellos dependen muchos procesos tanto fisiol\u00f3gicos como celulares (Pizzagalli, Bensimon, y Superti-Furga, 2020).<\/p><p><strong>5. Canales de agua<\/strong><br \/>Las acuaporinas o canales de agua facilitan el flujo de agua a trav\u00e9s de las membranas. Por lo tanto, juegan un papel elemental en el mantenimiento del balance h\u00eddrico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-06edd7f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"06edd7f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6494335\" data-id=\"6494335\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8728cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"e8728cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-349a7a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"349a7a9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9486470\" data-id=\"9486470\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ac1aae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ac1aae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Funciones<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2db5362 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2db5362\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-97a1898\" data-id=\"97a1898\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b15379 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b15379\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pero no solo las clases de transportadores muestran una gran diversidad, sino que las funciones de las diferentes clases tambi\u00e9n son innegablemente complejas. Sin embargo, seis funciones principales primordiales son especialmente dignas de menci\u00f3n:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fee96f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fee96f7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e43b0eb\" data-id=\"e43b0eb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b95638f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b95638f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>A. Actividad enzim\u00e1tica &#8211;<\/strong> procesi\u00f3n de metabolitos y sustratos para varias rutas metab\u00f3licas<br \/><strong>B. Transducci\u00f3n de se\u00f1ales &#8211;<\/strong> los mensajeros qu\u00edmicos interact\u00faan con los sitios de uni\u00f3n de prote\u00ednas de membrana para enviar se\u00f1ales.<br \/><strong>C. Transporte (activo\/pasivo) &#8211;<\/strong> mueve mol\u00e9culas y otras sustancias a trav\u00e9s de las diferentes membranas celulares<br \/><strong>D. Reconocimiento c\u00e9lula-c\u00e9lula &#8211;<\/strong> identificaci\u00f3n entre c\u00e9lulas, es decir, relevante para el sistema inmunitario<br \/><strong>E. Uniones intercelulares &#8211;<\/strong> diferentes uniones, como uniones abiertas o uniones estrechas, conectan c\u00e9lulas vecinas<br \/><strong>F. Anclaje\/Adjunto &#8211;<\/strong> importante para la red del citoesqueleto, las ubicaciones de las prote\u00ednas y el mantenimiento de ciertas formas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47dcd43 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47dcd43\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-61752a1\" data-id=\"61752a1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b628aa e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1b628aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scale_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:0.9,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scale_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scale_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"792\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/enzymatic3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/enzymatic3.jpg 792w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/enzymatic3-300x136.jpg 300w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/enzymatic3-768x349.jpg 768w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/enzymatic3-600x273.jpg 600w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/enzymatic3-280x127.jpg 280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 792px) 100vw, 792px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1dd458b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1dd458b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1802f74\" data-id=\"1802f74\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1a2595 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b1a2595\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scale_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:0.9,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scale_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scale_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"792\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cell-cell.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cell-cell.jpg 792w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cell-cell-300x136.jpg 300w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cell-cell-768x349.jpg 768w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cell-cell-600x273.jpg 600w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cell-cell-280x127.jpg 280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 792px) 100vw, 792px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b9fcf86 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b9fcf86\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2815b2b\" data-id=\"2815b2b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b85cb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6b85cb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3739cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3739cc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-feb5468\" data-id=\"feb5468\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2534eb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2534eb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Composici\u00f3n, Estructura y Disposici\u00f3n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c320ff0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c320ff0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-607340b\" data-id=\"607340b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a37a93c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a37a93c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Las prote\u00ednas de membrana var\u00edan en su composici\u00f3n y disposici\u00f3n. Por lo tanto, diferentes proporciones de estructuras alfa-h\u00e9lice o beta-barril implicar\u00e1n diferentes disposiciones de esas prote\u00ednas. Estructuralmente, las prote\u00ednas de membrana a menudo son anfip\u00e1ticas y tienen partes hidrof\u00edlicas e hidrof\u00f3bicas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fedef63 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fedef63\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7d96063\" data-id=\"7d96063\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad4dbee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ad4dbee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u2022 Las prote\u00ednas integrales <strong>monot\u00f3picas<\/strong> est\u00e1n permanentemente unidas a un lado de la bicapa de la membrana. Los tipos de interacci\u00f3n implican, por ejemplo, una h\u00e9lice \u03b1 anfip\u00e1tica paralela al plano de la membrana (ver Figura 11) o varios bucles hidrof\u00f3bicos que anclan la prote\u00edna integralmente.<br \/>\u2022 Las prote\u00ednas integrales <strong>bit\u00f3picas<\/strong> atraviesan las bicapas lip\u00eddicas solo una vez. Una estructura bit\u00f3pica t\u00edpica consta del dominio transmembrana m\u00e1s los dos dominios celulares (extra e intra).<br \/>\u2022 Las prote\u00ednas transmembrana <strong>polit\u00f3picas<\/strong> abarcan las bicapas lip\u00eddicas m\u00e1s de una vez. Son posibles diferentes composiciones de elementos alfa-helicoidales y beta-barriles en el dominio transmembrana (consulte la Figura 11 para ver dos ejemplos).<br \/>\u2022 Las prote\u00ednas <strong>ancladas en l\u00edpidos<\/strong> se unen covalentemente a los l\u00edpidos incrustados en la bicapa de fosfol\u00edpidos. Una interacci\u00f3n puede tener lugar por un enlace covalente con un l\u00edpido de membrana (lipidaci\u00f3n) o por interacciones electrost\u00e1ticas\/i\u00f3nicas con l\u00edpidos de membrana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdff405 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bdff405\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scale_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:0.9,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scale_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scale_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"800\" height=\"247\" src=\"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Aufbau-Struktur.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Aufbau-Struktur.jpg 941w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Aufbau-Struktur-300x92.jpg 300w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Aufbau-Struktur-768x237.jpg 768w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Aufbau-Struktur-600x185.jpg 600w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Aufbau-Struktur-280x86.jpg 280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 11: Disposiciones de diferentes prote\u00ednas de membrana<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a893685 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a893685\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3d2e973\" data-id=\"3d2e973\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8a5d20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a8a5d20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ddcc440 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ddcc440\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5b5c8de\" data-id=\"5b5c8de\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-067033d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"067033d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Como fue propuesto por primera vez en 1972 por Singer y Nicholson, la membrana celular consta de un mosaico de componentes, denominado modelo de mosaico fluido (Singer y Nicolson, 1972). Los fosfol\u00edpidos, el colesterol, las prote\u00ednas de membrana y los carbohidratos como componentes principales dan a las membranas su car\u00e1cter fluido. Las prote\u00ednas integrales solo se unen de forma laxa a su entorno, lo que permite un ligero movimiento dentro de la membrana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0894d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0894d0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0337c2a\" data-id=\"0337c2a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10090c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"10090c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bc8fa77 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bc8fa77\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d04e758\" data-id=\"d04e758\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-066ecf4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"066ecf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tipos de procesos de transporte de membrana<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c60bb28 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c60bb28\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c352b4d\" data-id=\"c352b4d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02ffb09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"02ffb09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En las membranas celulares, diferentes tipos de canales, transportadores y bombas permiten el transporte de sustancias a trav\u00e9s de la bicapa lip\u00eddica. Muchos de ellos est\u00e1n altamente especializados para socios de interacci\u00f3n espec\u00edficos y solo permiten ciertos transportes. En general, puede dividir los procesos de transporte en tres categor\u00edas m\u00e1s amplias: difusi\u00f3n, transporte pasivo y transporte activo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-02ca455 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"02ca455\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-de417d8\" data-id=\"de417d8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3165e5 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d3165e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scale_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:0.9,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scale_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scale_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"800\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/membrane-transport-types2-1024x519.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/membrane-transport-types2-1024x519.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/membrane-transport-types2-300x152.jpg 300w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/membrane-transport-types2-768x389.jpg 768w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/membrane-transport-types2-600x304.jpg 600w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/membrane-transport-types2-280x142.jpg 280w, https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/membrane-transport-types2.jpg 1150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 12: Tipos de procesos de transporte de membrana: difusi\u00f3n, pasivo o activo<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fa8533c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fa8533c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-560fc4b\" data-id=\"560fc4b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c0b521 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1c0b521\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-624d6a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"624d6a1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cce053e\" data-id=\"cce053e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1cfa02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1cfa02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Difusi\u00f3n simple<\/strong><br \/>Movimiento de, ejemp. una mol\u00e9cula, ion o part\u00edcula de una regi\u00f3n de mayor concentraci\u00f3n, siguiendo su gradiente, a una regi\u00f3n de menor concentraci\u00f3n. El movimiento contin\u00faa hasta que se alcanza un equilibrio. Las part\u00edculas cargadas pueden cambiar este potencial de membrana en una direcci\u00f3n u otra.<\/p><p><strong>Transporte pasivo<\/strong><br \/>Analogon de la difusi\u00f3n simple para mol\u00e9culas m\u00e1s grandes, como az\u00facares o amino\u00e1cidos. Las prote\u00ednas de transporte de membrana permiten el movimiento hacia abajo de un gradiente de concentraci\u00f3n para sustratos que, en condiciones normales, no pueden atravesar la membrana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1fe2d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1fe2d8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a7adfdd\" data-id=\"a7adfdd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8142fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8142fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u2022 Prote\u00ednas de canal<\/strong><br \/>Prote\u00ednas transmembrana especializadas que atraviesan la membrana celular. El mecanismo de activaci\u00f3n puede desencadenarse por ligandos, cambios en el potencial de membrana o por procesos mec\u00e1nicos (por ejemplo, cambios en el citoesqueleto).<\/p><p><strong>\u2022 Prote\u00ednas transportadoras<\/strong><br \/>Para este tipo de transporte pasivo, la mol\u00e9cula se transfiere a trav\u00e9s de cambios conformacionales de un transportador especializado. El cambio se desencadena cuando un sustrato se acopla al transportador. Un medio de transporte puede tener lugar con una sola mol\u00e9cula (Uniport), con dos mol\u00e9culas movi\u00e9ndose en la misma direcci\u00f3n (Symport) o en direcciones opuestas (Antiport).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5b6a14c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5b6a14c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-95a6bb4\" data-id=\"95a6bb4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5028c8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5028c8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Transporte activo<\/strong><br \/>El transporte activo es una forma de transporte que requiere energ\u00eda del exterior para realizar su mecanismo. Esto permite el transporte de mol\u00e9culas o iones contra sus gradientes de concentraci\u00f3n o contra gradientes de potencial el\u00e9ctrico. Las formas de energ\u00eda pueden ser de naturaleza qu\u00edmica (ATP) o de carga el\u00e9ctrica. Tambi\u00e9n es posible utilizar un gradiente de concentraci\u00f3n como fuente de energ\u00eda.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5338af8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5338af8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-337948d\" data-id=\"337948d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1854191 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1854191\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u2022 Transporte activo primario<\/strong><br \/>Los protones y los iones inorg\u00e1nicos se mueven a trav\u00e9s de la membrana celular aprovechando la energ\u00eda del ATP. La bomba de Na-K es un ejemplo de esta forma de transporte, que transfiere tres iones de sodio cargados positivamente y dos iones de potasio igualmente cargados positivamente.<\/p><p><strong>\u2022 Transporte activo secundario<\/strong><br \/>De manera an\u00e1loga a los simportadores y antiportadores de la prote\u00edna transportadora pasiva, esta vez uno de los iones se mueve con su gradiente de concentraci\u00f3n mientras que el segundo se mueve contra \u00e9l. Esto se puede lograr en la misma direcci\u00f3n (Symport) o en direcciones opuestas (Antiport). Por lo tanto, un gradiente electroqu\u00edmico es una fuerza impulsora aqu\u00ed.<\/p><p><strong>\u2022 Transporte activo terciario<\/strong><br \/>Para este tipo, tres transportadores deben funcionar en serie. Un primer transportador establece un gradiente electroqu\u00edmico para la mol\u00e9cula A (activo primario). El segundo transportador utiliza la mol\u00e9cula A para establecer un gradiente electroqu\u00edmico favorable para la mol\u00e9cula B (activo secundario). Finalmente, el transportador tres usa el gradiente de la mol\u00e9cula B para mover la mol\u00e9cula C contra su gradiente de concentraci\u00f3n (Hamm, Alpern y Preisig, 2008).<\/p><p><strong>\u2022 Translocaci\u00f3n de grupo<\/strong><br \/>Esta es una forma especial de transporte de bacterias. El sustrato a transportar se altera qu\u00edmicamente en el proceso. Como resultado, no se crea un gradiente de concentraci\u00f3n. Como forma de energ\u00eda, se puede utilizar ATP, pero existen otras fuentes de energ\u00eda como PEP (sistema de fosfotransferasa), que tambi\u00e9n se utilizan para los procesos de transporte de glucosa (consulte la Figura 12, translocaci\u00f3n de grupo).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e38d576 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e38d576\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-992c80b\" data-id=\"992c80b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e54ead elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1e54ead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-408bec0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"408bec0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-beedcee\" data-id=\"beedcee\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bf9566 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3bf9566\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Relevancia Hist\u00f3rica<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9834bce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9834bce\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-402f0a5\" data-id=\"402f0a5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9675ddb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9675ddb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Han pasado poco m\u00e1s de 50 a\u00f1os desde los comienzos de la biolog\u00eda molecular moderna de membranas en las d\u00e9cadas de 1960 y 1970. Descubrimientos como el desciframiento de la estructura molecular de la membrana celular o sus mecanismos generales subyacentes han allanado el camino para muchos conocimientos y campos de aplicaci\u00f3n importantes en la medicina moderna. Mientras tanto, la caracterizaci\u00f3n de las prote\u00ednas unidas a la membrana enfrent\u00f3 obst\u00e1culos a\u00fan mayores. Por lo tanto, tom\u00f3 hasta 1978, cinco a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s de la postulaci\u00f3n del modelo de mosaico fluido, para reportar la primera caracterizaci\u00f3n exitosa de una prote\u00edna de membrana integral. Esta era glicoforina humana obtenida de la membrana celular de los eritrocitos (Singer, 2004).<\/p><p>Desde aquellos primeros d\u00edas de la investigaci\u00f3n de prote\u00ednas de membrana, se han logrado muchos hitos. En medicina, en particular, el conocimiento adquirido se ha utilizado en una variedad de formas para mejorar y combatir numerosas condiciones cl\u00ednicas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a19e10a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a19e10a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-588b4d1\" data-id=\"588b4d1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c58a32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2c58a32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b56a0dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b56a0dd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cad2446\" data-id=\"cad2446\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbae7ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dbae7ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Retos y Perspectivas de Futuro para la Medicina \/ Industria<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-463d09a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"463d09a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-664de79\" data-id=\"664de79\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bb9ae2 elementor-position-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"5bb9ae2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.7.8 - 02-10-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-content{width:100%}@media (min-width:768px){.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-left .elementor-image-box-wrapper,.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-right .elementor-image-box-wrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-right .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:right;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:reverse;-ms-flex-direction:row-reverse;flex-direction:row-reverse}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-left .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:left;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-top .elementor-image-box-img{margin:auto}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-top .elementor-image-box-wrapper{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-middle .elementor-image-box-wrapper{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-bottom .elementor-image-box-wrapper{-webkit-box-align:end;-ms-flex-align:end;align-items:flex-end}}@media (max-width:767px){.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-img{margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-bottom:15px}}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-img{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-title a{color:inherit}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-description{margin:0}<\/style><div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img width=\"1631\" height=\"1185\" src=\"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Neutral-Disc@2x.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Fig. 13: Sistema de nanodiscos que rodea una prote\u00edna recortada<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb07798 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb07798\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-daa6f5f\" data-id=\"daa6f5f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6cb880 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e6cb880\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Las membranas celulares act\u00faan como guardianes finales de muchos sustratos y f\u00e1rmacos. Las prote\u00ednas de membrana altamente especializadas, por lo tanto, interact\u00faan en una fracci\u00f3n de segundo con una pl\u00e9tora de sustancias para determinar cu\u00e1les de ellas pueden pasar y cu\u00e1les no. Aproximadamente la mitad de todos los f\u00e1rmacos actualmente aprobados act\u00faan sobre este tipo de prote\u00edna como una estructura diana terap\u00e9utica para causar transducciones de se\u00f1ales, desencadenar cascadas o catalizar reacciones para combatir diversas condiciones cl\u00ednicas (Baker, 2010).<\/p><p>A pesar de esto, todav\u00eda se sabe poco sobre muchas estructuras de prote\u00ednas de membrana y sus principios de trabajo subyacentes, debido a sus desafiantes criterios de solubilizaci\u00f3n. La medicina moderna se beneficiar\u00eda enormemente de una comprensi\u00f3n m\u00e1s profunda de este tipo de prote\u00edna. Sin embargo, recientemente, este viejo problema est\u00e1 cobrando velocidad nuevamente, ya que varios sistemas de inteligencia artificial como AlphaFold2 de DeepMind se unen a la lucha. Son capaces de predecir una estructura de prote\u00edna 3D directamente a partir de su secuencia de amino\u00e1cidos con una precisi\u00f3n cada vez mayor.<br \/>Mientras tanto, los m\u00e9todos experimentales que ya se est\u00e1n aplicando, como los sistemas de nanodiscos, los anfipollos modificados con cicloalcanos o los copol\u00edmeros AASTY, tambi\u00e9n seguir\u00e1n desarroll\u00e1ndose, ampliando los l\u00edmites de nuestro conocimiento.<\/p><p>En el futuro, el entrelazamiento de la IA y m\u00e9todos experimentales como estos introducir\u00e1 una nueva era de investigaci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica y m\u00e9dica, dando forma a campos como la biolog\u00eda digital o la computaci\u00f3n biom\u00e9dica. Los enfoques novedosos renovar\u00e1n nuestros procesos de descubrimiento de f\u00e1rmacos, aceler\u00e1ndolos enormemente. Sea cual sea el camino que sigamos, el proteoma de membrana jugar\u00e1 un papel vital en \u00e9l.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8e134fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8e134fc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-69b2fc3\" data-id=\"69b2fc3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ab8923 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"9ab8923\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53d67b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53d67b7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5240653\" data-id=\"5240653\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce77f42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce77f42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Literatura<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fe1c19e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fe1c19e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-db1168c\" data-id=\"db1168c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c8266b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c8266b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li>Piovesan, A., Antonaros, F., Vitale, L.\u00a0<em>et al.<\/em>\u00a0&#8220;Human protein-coding genes and gene feature statistics in 2019.&#8221;\u00a0<em>BMC Res Notes<\/em>\u00a0<strong>12<\/strong>, 315 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-019-4343-8<\/li><li>Baker, M. &#8220;Making membrane proteins for structures: a trillion tiny tweaks.&#8221;\u00a0<em>Nat Methods<\/em>\u00a0<strong>7<\/strong>, 429\u2013434 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmeth0610-429<\/li><li>Salzberg S. L. &#8220;Open questions: How many genes do we have?.&#8221;\u00a0<em>BMC biology<\/em>,\u00a0<strong>16<\/strong>(1), 94.(2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12915-018-0564-x<\/li><li>Singer, S. J. \u201cSome early history of membrane molecular biology.\u201d\u00a0<em>Annual review of physiology<\/em>\u00a0vol.\u00a0<strong>66<\/strong>\u00a0(2004): 1-27. doi:10.1146\/annurev.physiol.66.032902.131835<\/li><li>Jones, P.M., George, A.M. &#8220;Mechanism of ABC transporters: A molecular dynamics simulation of a well characterized nucleotide-binding subunit.&#8221;\u00a0<em>PNAS<\/em>\u00a0<strong>99<\/strong>\u00a020 (2002) 12639-12644; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.152439599<\/li><li>Hediger, M.A., Cl\u00e9men\u00e7on, B., Burrier, R.E. and Bruford, E.A. &#8220;The ABCs of membrane transporters in health and disease (SLC series): introduction.&#8221;\u00a0<em>Mol Aspects Med<\/em>\u00a0<strong>34<\/strong>, 95\u2013107. (2013)<\/li><li>Pizzagalli, M.D, Bensimon, A., Superti-Furga, G. &#8220;A guide to plasma membrane solute carrier proteins.&#8221;\u00a0<em>The FEBS Journal<\/em>, vol.\u00a0<strong>288<\/strong>\u00a09, (2021) 2784-2835; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/febs.15531<\/li><li>Palmgren, M.G. and Nissen, P. \u201cP-type ATPases.\u201d\u00a0<em>Annual review of biophysics<\/em>\u00a0vol.\u00a0<strong>40<\/strong>\u00a0(2011): 243-66. doi:10.1146\/annurev.biophys.093008.131331<\/li><li>Hamm, L.L., Alpern R.J., Preisig, P.A. &#8220;Chapter 54 &#8211; Cellular Mechanisms of Renal Tubular Acidification.&#8221;\u00a0<em>Seldin and Giebisch&#8217;s The Kidney (Fourth Edition)<\/em>, Academic Press, 2008, Pages 1539-1585, ISBN 9780120884889, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-012088488-9.50057-7.<\/li><li>Singer, S.J., Nicolson, G.L. \u201cThe fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes.\u201d\u00a0<em>Science<\/em>\u00a0(New York, N.Y.) vol.\u00a0<strong>175<\/strong>,4023 (1972): 720-31. doi:10.1126\/science.175.4023.720<\/li><li>Yeagle, P.L. &#8220;Chapter 10 &#8211; Membrane Proteins&#8221;\u00a0<em>The Membranes of Cells (Third Edition)<\/em>, Academic Press, 2016, Pages 219-268, ISBN 9780128000472, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-800047-2.00010-3.<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a89c6d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a89c6d2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0195dbd\" data-id=\"0195dbd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d4149b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2d4149b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b206d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b206d5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5118e27\" data-id=\"5118e27\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc2d200 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-absolute elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bc2d200\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Somos una empresa y laboratorio con amplia experiencia. Con\u00f3cenos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51c2fde elementor-grid-3 elementor-shape-rounded e-grid-align-center elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons\" data-id=\"51c2fde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;zoomIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"social-icons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.7.8 - 02-10-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-social-icons.elementor-grid-0 .elementor-widget-container,.elementor-widget-social-icons.elementor-grid-mobile-0 .elementor-widget-container,.elementor-widget-social-icons.elementor-grid-tablet-0 .elementor-widget-container{line-height:1;font-size:0}.elementor-widget-social-icons:not(.elementor-grid-0):not(.elementor-grid-tablet-0):not(.elementor-grid-mobile-0) .elementor-grid{display:inline-grid}.elementor-widget-social-icons 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.elementor-icon.elementor-social-icon{border-radius:10%}.elementor-shape-circle .elementor-icon.elementor-social-icon{border-radius:50%}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-social-icons-wrapper elementor-grid\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-facebook elementor-repeater-item-da64bc7\" href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Facebook<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-facebook\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-twitter elementor-repeater-item-0b93d4e\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Twitter<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-twitter\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-linkedin elementor-repeater-item-50b061f\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Linkedin<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-linkedin\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-642e511 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"642e511\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-529134f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"529134f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fd95168\" data-id=\"fd95168\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10158f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"10158f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9px; text-align: center;\">Copyright \u00a9 2023 CIDSA Mexico. All rights reserved<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 9px; text-align: center;\">Dise\u00f1ado por Suguza Publicidad<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Prote\u00ednas de membrana: Guardianes indispensables Las prote\u00ednas de membrana son prote\u00ednas asociadas o unidas a la membrana celular de los compartimentos celulares o de los org\u00e1nulos de una c\u00e9lula. Representan una de las clases de prote\u00ednas m\u00e1s grandes e importantes y pueden clasificarse como perif\u00e9ricas o integrales. El Proteoma de Membrana En las \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10680"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10680"}],"version-history":[{"count":70,"href":"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10680\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11134,"href":"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10680\/revisions\/11134"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nuevo22.cidsamexico.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10680"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}